Just something to consider but doing a whole factory reset to 'break a filter', is something that Baruch Hashem I haven't done yet.
I don't think this is a loophole with apple screentime unless you've been told otherwise by TAG. And if you have been told that, the information may be outdated. Apple doesn't let you sign out of your device due to the restrictions (but this may be because I'm using apple screentime specifically while I'm a part of a family group) and "erase all content and settings" is grayed out and it doesn't work when pressed (this may also be when using apple screentime with a family group) although you can reset "all settings". If it's an option for you try to get a reliable friend who knows about your issues with the internet to add you to their family group and just make sure to tell him not to allow certain apps, like browsers etc. I did this recently and actually with a jew who's more or less secular (because I was raised in an irreligious background) and he's actually been very helpful.
In regards to setting whitelists on computer, you are 100% right of how that's subject to abuse but if you set a good partner as a "family organizer" who's in charge of the list it will decrease that by a lot but only if he visits those sites himself to check them out first. You should also check out NativUSA, even though it's a paid filter, because they have a free list of kosher websites available for you to add on your own list
here, just in case you ever need them. It's pretty expansive despite it being only a sample. Also, for me personally at this point in my journey, I decided to buy paid filters that use AI, like NativUSA, because that's really the safest option if you need access to new sites constantly. At first I really didn't want to spend any money at all but at this point getting rid of this addiction is my top priority and the money I spend is relatively cheap compared to the importance of that. Especially when you combine that with spending long periods of time behind a screen which is a trigger for me. So I really recommend you get something like this for your computer and if filters like NativUSA and netspark seem a little too costly then check out webchaver's filtering which costs only $2.00 a month and it's surprisingly good too even though it's not AI based. I use that in addition to Gentech (which uses the same technology as nativusa by the way).