1. Precontemplation (no near-term consideration of change of the particular target behavior; problem behavior seen as having more pros than cons);

2. Contemplation (seriously considering change; seeking information about problem; evaluating pros and cons of change; ambivalent; not prepared to change yet);

3. Preparation (made a decision to change and ready to change in attitude and behavior; may have begun to increase self-regulation and build a plan to change);

4. Action (modifying the problem behavior; learning skills to prevent reversal to full return to problem behavior); and

5. Maintenance (sustaining changes that have been accomplished and integrating the new pattern of behavior into lifestyle).